Table: Major and Minor Subjects

Here’s the table with engaging and real-life examples to make it more fascinating for students:

Category	Subjects	Example
Major Subjects	Medicine	Deals with diagnosing and treating diseases in adults. Example: A doctor diagnosing a patient with diabetes using blood sugar tests and advising lifestyle changes.
		Amazing Example: Did you know? In 1985, doctors successfully reattached a boy’s severed arm after a train accident, showcasing the wonders of modern medicine.
	Surgery	Involves operative procedures to treat injuries, diseases, and deformities. Example: A surgeon performing a liver transplant to save a patient’s life.
		Amazing Example: The world’s first face transplant was done in 2005, restoring not only appearance but also functions like eating and breathing.
	Obstetrics & Gynecology	Focuses on pregnancy, childbirth, and reproductive health. Example: A gynecologist monitoring a baby’s heartbeat using an ultrasound during pregnancy.
		Amazing Example: The longest recorded pregnancy lasted 375 days (instead of the usual 280 days).
Allied Subjects	Dermatology	Specializes in skin, hair, and nail disorders. Example: A dermatologist treating severe burns with artificial skin grafts.
		Amazing Example: Your skin sheds about 8 pounds of dead cells every year—equivalent to a newborn baby’s weight.
	Psychiatry	Concerned with diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. Example: A psychiatrist using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to help a person overcome their fear of heights.
		Amazing Example: The placebo effect—when a fake treatment makes people feel better just because they believe it works—shows the power of the mind over the body.
	Orthopedics	Deals with bone, joint, and muscle conditions. Example: An orthopedic surgeon using robotic-assisted surgery to repair a torn ACL in an athlete’s knee.
		Amazing Example: The femur (thigh bone) is so strong that it can withstand forces up to 4,000 pounds – stronger than concrete.
	Anesthesia	Focuses on pain management and sedation during medical procedures. Example: A patient undergoing open-heart surgery without feeling pain due to anesthesia.
		Amazing Example: In 1846, the first public demonstration of anesthesia revolutionized surgery—before that, patients were operated on fully awake.
	Radiology	Uses imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to diagnose diseases. Example: A radiologist detecting early-stage lung cancer in a patient using a CT scan.
		Amazing Example: MRI machines use powerful magnets 60,000 times stronger than Earth’s magnetic field to capture body images.
Minor Subjects	Pediatrics	Focuses on the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. Example: A pediatrician treating a baby with jaundice using phototherapy.
		Amazing Example: Newborn babies have more bones than adults (300 vs. 206) because some of them fuse together as they grow.
	ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat)	Specializes in conditions related to the ear, nose, and throat. Example: An ENT specialist treating a singer for vocal cord nodules.
		Amazing Example: The smallest bone in the human body is in the ear—the stapes bone is just 3mm long but is essential for hearing.
	Ophthalmology	Deals with diagnosing and treating eye disorders. Example: A laser eye surgery (LASIK) correcting a patient’s blurry vision.
		Amazing Example: Human eyes can distinguish up to 10 million colors, and some women even have an extra color receptor allowing them to see more shades than normal.
Other Important Fields	Pathology	Studies diseases and their causes at a microscopic level. Example: A pathologist detecting cancer cells in a tissue biopsy.
		Amazing Example: The first-ever blood test was performed in 1901 – before that, diagnosing diseases relied on guesswork.
	Forensic Medicine	Applies medical knowledge to legal cases and investigations. Example: A forensic expert using DNA analysis to solve a crime.
		Amazing Example: The “Dead Man’s Test” (performed in ancient times) involved placing a feather near the nose to check if a person was still breathing.
	Community Medicine	Focuses on public health, disease prevention, and health promotion. Example: A doctor organizing a vaccination drive to eliminate polio.
		Amazing Example: Smallpox is the only human disease completely eradicated through vaccines – no case has been reported since 1977.
	Microbiology	Studies microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that cause diseases. Example: A microbiologist discovering a new antibiotic from soil bacteria.
		Amazing Example: There are more bacterial cells in your body than human cells—your body is 50% bacteria.
	Pharmacology	Studies drugs, their effects, and their use in treatments. Example: A pharmacologist developing a new drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
		Amazing Example: The painkiller Aspirin was originally made from tree bark – and has been used for over 2,000 years.

This Table makes learning engaging by combining essential medical knowledge with jaw-dropping facts.

Duration: 3 Hours

Total Marks: 100

Instructions:

• Attempt all questions.
• All questions carry equal marks unless otherwise stated.
• Write legibly and clearly.
• Use diagrams wherever necessary.
• No electronic devices allowed.

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Section A: Major Subjects (Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynecology)

(20 Marks – 4 questions, 5 marks each)

1. Medicine
   Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment options for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Include real-life case scenarios where possible.
2. Surgery
   What are the indications and steps involved in a laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Describe any possible complications and how they can be managed.
3. Obstetrics & Gynecology
   Define preeclampsia. Discuss its risk factors, clinical features, and management, with special attention to the role of prenatal screening.
4. Emergency Scenario
   A 45-year-old male presents with severe abdominal pain and nausea. He has a history of gallstones. What investigations would you perform, and what is the likely diagnosis? Discuss treatment and possible complications.

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Section B: Allied Subjects (Dermatology, Psychiatry, Orthopedics, Anesthesia, Radiology)

(30 Marks – 6 questions, 5 marks each)

1. Dermatology
   A patient presents with a red, scaly rash on the elbows and knees. What is your diagnosis? Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of this condition.
2. Psychiatry
   Explain the concept of the “placebo effect” in psychiatric treatments. Provide examples of how it might be used in clinical practice, both ethically and practically.
3. Orthopedics
   A 30-year-old athlete complains of knee pain and is diagnosed with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Explain the surgical and non-surgical treatment options, along with post-surgical rehabilitation protocols.
4. Anesthesia
   Define general anesthesia. Discuss the pharmacokinetics of commonly used anesthetic agents and their clinical significance during major surgeries.
5. Radiology
   A 60-year-old smoker presents with a persistent cough and shortness of breath. A chest X-ray reveals a suspicious mass. Discuss the role of imaging in the diagnosis of lung cancer and the steps for further investigation.
6. Radiology Case Study
   A 45-year-old female presents with sudden-onset right-sided weakness. A CT scan reveals a stroke in the left hemisphere. Discuss the role of imaging in stroke diagnosis and management.

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Section C: Minor Subjects (Pediatrics, ENT, Ophthalmology)

(20 Marks – 4 questions, 5 marks each)

1. Pediatrics
   A 3-month-old infant presents with jaundice and dark urine. After investigation, neonatal hepatitis is suspected. Discuss the possible causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for neonatal hepatitis.
2. ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat)
   A 25-year-old male presents with a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Upon examination, his tonsils are enlarged and covered with white exudates. What is your diagnosis, and what treatment would you recommend?
3. Ophthalmology
   A 50-year-old female presents with gradual vision loss, especially in low light. After examination, she is diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Discuss the management and prognosis of this condition.
4. Ophthalmology Case Study
   A patient presents with sudden vision loss in one eye after trauma. The eye exam shows blood in the anterior chamber. What is the likely diagnosis, and what immediate interventions are required?

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Section D: Other Important Fields (Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Community Medicine, Microbiology, Pharmacology)

(30 Marks – 6 questions, 5 marks each)

1. Pathology
   Discuss the mechanism of action and histological features of myocardial infarction (MI). How would you differentiate between a recent and an old MI based on histopathological findings?
2. Forensic Medicine
   A body is discovered in a river, and there are signs of blunt force trauma. What forensic investigations would you recommend to determine the cause of death and any possible foul play?
3. Community Medicine
   Describe the importance of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases. Discuss the role of herd immunity in preventing outbreaks like polio and measles.
4. Microbiology
   A 45-year-old diabetic patient presents with fever and chills. Blood cultures show the presence of Escherichia coli. Discuss the role of microbiological testing in diagnosing infections and the appropriate antibiotic therapy for E. coliinfections.
5. Pharmacology
   A patient with chronic pain is prescribed opioid medication for pain relief. Discuss the pharmacodynamics, side effects, and potential complications associated with opioid use.
6. Pharmacology Case Study
   A child is diagnosed with a bacterial ear infection. The doctor prescribes an antibiotic. What factors should the physician consider when selecting the right antibiotic, and what are the potential side effects?

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Section E: Practical Application & Case Scenarios

(10 Marks – 2 questions, 5 marks each)

1. Clinical Case
   A 40-year-old patient with a family history of cancer presents for routine screening. How would you approach screening for colon cancer? Discuss the role of imaging, lab tests, and genetic counseling.
2. Surgical Case Study
   A 60-year-old male presents with a non-healing ulcer on the foot, associated with diabetes. What are the likely causes of this wound? Discuss the surgical options, management, and possible complications.

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End of Paper

Best of Luck 🙂

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Note:- This sample question paper covers the breadth of all subjects from the major, allied, and minor topics and presents realistic clinical cases for students to practice their knowledge.

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Answer Key with Explanations

Section A: Major Subjects (Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynecology)

Medicine

1. (b) Myocardial infarction
   • Explanation: A patient with sudden chest pain radiating to the left arm is most likely experiencing a myocardial infarction (MI).
   • Pulmonary embolism (a) may cause chest pain but usually presents with sudden dyspnea.
   • GERD (c) can cause chest pain but is usually postprandial and relieved by antacids.
   • Aortic dissection (d) presents with tearing chest pain radiating to the back.
2. (b) Troponin I
   • Explanation: Troponin I is the most specific and sensitive marker for myocardial infarction.
   • CK-MB (a) is also elevated in MI but can be found in skeletal muscle injuries too.
   • LDH (c) and myoglobin (d) are non-specific markers.
3. (b) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
   • Explanation: DKA occurs in uncontrolled diabetes, leading to ketone body production, which causes a characteristic fruity breath odor.
   • Lactic acidosis (a) and uremic encephalopathy (c) don’t produce a fruity odor.
   • Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) (d) is more common in Type 2 diabetes but does not produce ketosis.
4. (b) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
   • Explanation: The butterfly rash (malar rash) is characteristic of SLE, an autoimmune disorder.
   • Psoriasis (a) presents with silvery scales.
   • Dermatomyositis (c) causes a heliotrope rash (purple eyelids).
   • Eczema (d) presents with itchy, red, inflamed skin.
5. (c) Beta-2 agonists
   • Explanation: Short-acting beta-2 agonists (e.g., salbutamol) are the first-line treatment for an acute asthma attack.
   • Inhaled corticosteroids (a) are used for long-term control, not for acute relief.
   • Leukotriene receptor antagonists (b) and antihistamines (d) play no role in acute management.

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Surgery

6. (b) McBurney’s point tenderness
   • Explanation: McBurney’s point tenderness is a hallmark of acute appendicitis.
   • Murphy’s sign (a) is seen in acute cholecystitis.
   • Cullen’s sign (c) and Grey Turner’s sign (d) indicate pancreatitis or intra-abdominal hemorrhage.
7. (c) Sigmoid colon
   • Explanation: The sigmoid colon and rectum are the most common sites of colorectal cancer.
8. (a) Pancreatitis
   • Explanation: Gallstone pancreatitis occurs when gallstones block the pancreatic duct, leading to pancreatic inflammation.
9. (c) Femoral hernia
   • Explanation: Femoral hernias have the highest risk of strangulation due to the narrow femoral canal.
10. (b) Active infection

• Explanation: Active infections are absolute contraindications for organ transplantation due to immune suppression risk.

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Obstetrics & Gynecology

11. (b) Fallopian tube (ampulla)

• Explanation: Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube before the fertilized egg implants in the uterus.

12. (a) Abdominal pain with shoulder tip pain

• Explanation: Shoulder tip pain is caused by diaphragmatic irritation due to hemoperitoneum, which occurs in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

13. (b) Oxytocin

• Explanation: Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection (letdown reflex), while prolactin is responsible for milk production.

14. (a) Müllerian duct fusion failure

• Explanation: A bicornuate uterus results from failure of Müllerian duct fusion during embryonic development.

15. (c) Breech presentation

• Explanation: Breech presentation is not an absolute indication for C-section, as vaginal delivery may still be possible in certain cases.

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Section B: Allied Subjects

Dermatology & Psychiatry

16. (b) Psoriasis

• Explanation: Psoriasis presents with silvery scales on extensor surfaces.

17. (b) Hallucinations

• Explanation: Hallucinations are positive symptoms of schizophrenia (due to excess dopamine).

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Orthopedics, Anesthesia & Radiology

18. (c) Distal femur

• Explanation: Osteosarcoma commonly affects the distal femur.

19. (c) Ketamine

• Explanation: Ketamine increases intracranial pressure (ICP) and is contraindicated in head trauma.

20. (c) MRI

• Explanation: MRI is the best modality for soft tissue injuries.

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Section C: Minor & Other Important Fields

Pediatrics & ENT

21. (b) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

• Explanation: RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants.

22. (b) Laryngeal carcinoma

• Explanation: Persistent hoarseness in a chronic smoker suggests laryngeal carcinoma.

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Ophthalmology & Pathology

23. (a) Central retinal artery occlusion

• Explanation: Cherry-red spots are a characteristic finding in central retinal artery occlusion.

24. (c) Blood loss

• Explanation: Iron deficiency anemia is most commonly due to chronic blood loss.

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Microbiology, Pharmacology & Forensic Medicine

25. (a) Clostridium perfringens

• Explanation: C. perfringens is the causative agent of gas gangrene.

26. (b) N-acetylcysteine

• Explanation: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the antidote for acetaminophen overdose.

27. (a) Eyelids

• Explanation: Rigor mortis first appears in small muscles, such as the eyelids, before progressing to larger muscle groups.

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Total Marks: 100

This answer key provides not only the correct answers but also explanations to enhance understanding.

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